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Engines

How fuel becomes force.

The flagship section: what every engine has in common, then the piston, jet, electric, rocket and marine families in depth — each concept as a live demo or a plain-language explainer.

Fundamentals

The ideas every engine obeys, whatever it powers: torque and power, timing, mixture, efficiency.

Live

Torque vs Power

The dyno chart, done honestly: shape a torque curve and the power curve is computed from P = T × rpm — see why peak power always sits above peak torque.

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Live

Ignition Timing & Knock

Fire the spark before TDC so the pressure peak lands just after it — then raise the compression and watch the knock limit close in on the perfect timing.

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Live

Air–Fuel Ratio

One mixture slider, three masters: power peaks rich, economy peaks lean, exhaust temperature spikes between them — and the catalyst demands exactly 14.7 : 1.

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Reading

  • Energy and combustion: where the power comes fromEngines · Fundamentals · 8 min
  • Why engines waste most of their fuelEngines · Fundamentals · 9 min
  • Forced induction: stealing power from the exhaustEngines · Fundamentals · 8 min

Piston engines

The reciprocating engine in depth — the cycle, the geometry, the layouts and the valvetrain.

Live

The Four-Stroke Cycle

Suck, squeeze, bang, blow — one cylinder, cut away. Piston, con-rod, valves, spark and a live PV diagram, all driven by a single crank angle.

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Live

Otto vs Diesel vs Two-Stroke

Compare the cycles side by side from one crank driver — spark vs compression ignition, and the two-stroke that fires every revolution.

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Live

Crank & Piston Geometry

Play with bore, stroke and rod ratio and watch the piston motion, inertia and side-thrust curves respond.

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Live

Cylinder Configurations

Inline-4/6, V6, cross-plane V8 and a boxer — all running off one master crank. Watch the shaking forces show why a straight-six runs smooth.

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Live

The Sound of Engines

Single, V-twin, fours, sixes and both V8 cranks synthesised live — hear why even firing drones, a 90° V-twin gallops and a cross-plane V8 burbles.

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Live

Camshaft & Valve Timing

Grind your own cam: duration and overlap shape the lift curves and slide the torque curve up the revs — while the idle pays for every degree of overlap.

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Reading

  • Piston engine theory — the full illustrated courseLearn · course

Drivetrain

Between the crank and the road: the clutch that connects, the gearbox that translates, the differential that lets the wheels disagree.

Live

Gears & the Gearbox

One 103 kW engine, five gears, one falling sawtooth: pick a gear and a road speed and watch the tractive force race the drag curve — top speed is where they meet.

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Reading

  • The clutch and the gearbox: how power reaches the wheelsEngines · Drivetrain · 7 min
  • The differential: one axle, two speedsEngines · Drivetrain · 6 min
Jet enginesSix air-breathing engines from turbojet to scramjet, each solved live with real ideal-cycle thermodynamics — a full sub-section.→

Electric drive

No fire at all: a magnetic field that spins because three currents disagree — and the drivetrains it powers, pure and hybrid.

Live

The Rotating Magnetic Field

Three coils that never move, three currents out of step — and the field between them spins. Load an induction or synchronous rotor and watch it chase the field, live.

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Reading

  • The EV drivetrain: no clutch, one gear, and a pedal that refuelsEngines · Electric · 9 min
  • Hybrids: five places for a motor, three architectures, one clever gearEngines · Electric · 9 min

Rockets

The engine that carries everything it pushes against — and the logarithm that decides whether it reaches orbit.

Live

The Ideal Rocket

Burn a real stage — F-1, RS-25, Merlin or Raptor — and watch the tank drain, acceleration climb and the Δv dot crawl up the Tsiolkovsky curve towards the orbit line.

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Reading

  • The rocket equationEngines · Rocket · 10 min

Marine engines

What happens to an engine when the vehicle weighs 200,000 tonnes and never stops.

Live

Marine Engines: Ship vs Car

One bore slider sweeps from a 2.0-litre hatchback engine to an 80 MW, three-storey ship two-stroke — and every scaling law along the way is real.

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Reading

  • Anatomy of a giant ship two-stroke — the annotated cutawayAnatomy · interactive cutaway